Nutraceutical potential of propolis for cardiometabolic improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A literature review
Abstract
Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with chronic hyperglycemia and cardiometabolic complications. Nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids, such as propolis, have emerged as potential adjunctive strategies to improve cardiometabolic outcomes in T2DM patients. However, human clinical evidence remains limited and inconsistent. Therefore, this review evaluates the potential effects of propolis supplementation on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Library for studies published between 2015 and 2025 using keywords related to “Propolis,” “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” “Cardiometabolic benefits”, “oxidative stress”, “glycemic control”, and “lipid profile”. Eight studies were included in this review, including randomized controlled trials published in English. Results: Propolis, which is rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds, exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering effects. Supplementation improved fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, lipid profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory markers in several trials. Although, results remain heterogeneous due to differences in botanical sources and dosages. Conclusions: Propolis demonstrates potential as a nutraceutical adjunct for cardiometabolic management in T2DM. Standardization of its composition and dosage remain essential for consistent therapeutic efficacy.Downloads
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